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[Genetics of addictive disorders].

F Rothhammer1, P Rothhammer, E Llop

  • 1Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Revista Medica De Chile
|May 12, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Genetics significantly influences alcoholism and substance abuse, with heritability estimates varying by substance. Specific genes, including dopamine and serotonin receptors, are implicated in addiction behaviors.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurogenetics
  • Behavioral Genetics
  • Psychiatric Genetics

Context:

  • Recent advances in genetics necessitate a review of genetic factors in alcoholism and substance abuse.
  • Substance abuse, including alcohol, psychostimulants, opiates, and nicotine, demonstrates significant heritability.
  • High comorbidity exists between alcoholism and smoking, with over 80% of alcoholics smoking.

Purpose:

  • To explore the genetic underpinnings of alcoholism and substance abuse.
  • To identify specific genes and neurochemical markers associated with addiction.
  • To review findings from various genetic methodologies, including linkage analysis and association studies.

Summary:

  • Heritability estimates for alcohol abuse are around 38%, while psychostimulant and opiate use range from 11-45%, and smoking is approximately 50%.
  • Genes such as serotonin 1B receptor (5HT-1B), dopamine receptors (DRD1, DRD2, DRD4), and dopamine transporter (DAT) are implicated.
  • Neurochemical markers like monoamine oxidase and adenylate cyclase, and the protective ALDH2*2 allele are also relevant.
  • Whole genome studies suggest linkage to chromosomal regions near DRD4, GABA, and alcohol dehydrogenase genes.

Impact:

  • Highlights the significant role of genetic predisposition in addiction.
  • Identifies key genes and pathways for future research and potential therapeutic targets.
  • Provides a foundation for understanding the complex genetic architecture of substance use disorders.

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