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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
Introduction to Developmental Psychology01:27

Introduction to Developmental Psychology

Developmental psychology explores the changes and continuities in human abilities throughout life, encompassing physical, cognitive, linguistic, and social dimensions. Human development is not restricted to growth, but includes aspects of decline, particularly in physical abilities as individuals age. Developmental psychologists seek to understand how people change as they age and how their mental and social skills evolve.Developmental MilestonesA key concept in developmental psychology is...
Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Intellectual Disability01:29

Intellectual Disability

Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism
06:15

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Published on: October 3, 2018

Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children.

S Chakrabarti1, E Fombonne

  • 1MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry/King's College London, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, England.

JAMA
|June 28, 2001
PubMed
Summary

This study found higher rates of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) in preschool children than previously reported. Further research is needed to determine if this reflects an actual increase in autism spectrum disorder incidence.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Autism spectrum disorder prevalence is uncertain, with ongoing concerns about increasing incidence.
  • Accurate epidemiological data is crucial for understanding and addressing developmental disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) in a defined population of preschool-aged children.
  • To provide updated epidemiological data on PDDs in early childhood.

Main Methods:

  • A survey was conducted in Staffordshire, England, screening 15,500 children aged 2.5 to 6.5 years.
  • Children with suspected PDDs underwent intensive assessment by a multidisciplinary team, including standardized diagnostic interviews and psychometric testing.

Main Results:

  • The study identified 97 children with PDDs, estimating a prevalence of 62.6 per 10,000 children.
  • Autistic disorder prevalence was 16.8 per 10,000, and other PDDs were 45.8 per 10,000.
  • Associated conditions included mental retardation (25.8%) and medical conditions (9.3%).

Conclusions:

  • PDD rates appear higher than previously documented in preschool populations.
  • Current epidemiological limitations prevent definitive conclusions about increased incidence, necessitating further rigorous investigation.
  • The findings highlight the significant needs of preschool children diagnosed with PDDs.