Nutrient uptake by embryos of the Australian viviparous lizard Eulamprus tympanum

Eulamprus tympanum is a high-altitude viviparous lizard that was probably used to help define a Type I chorioallantoic placenta. In this article, we (1) describe the net transport of nutrients across the placenta of E. tympanum, and (2) compare placental uptake in E. tympanum with a previous study of Eulamprus quoyii, which occurs in warmer environments, to assess the potential importance of thermal regime on placentotrophy. Freshly ovulated eggs are 387.3+/-19.7 mg. There is a significant net uptake of water and a net loss of dry matter during development, so the dry neonate is only 84% the size of the dry egg. There is no significant change in the total ash or nitrogen in eggs during embryonic development, with the entire loss of dry matter being lipid. Almost the entire loss of lipid occurs in the triacylglycerol fraction, with no net change in phospholipids. A net increase in total cholesterol suggests that cholesterol is synthesised by the developing embryo. The lipid profile of eggs of E. tympanum reflects that of other species with simple placentae in having a relatively high proportion of triacylglycerol and little cholesterol. The fatty acid composition of eggs reflects that expected in the diet of E. tympanum. There is a preservation and some synthesis of arachidonic (20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acids in the phospholipid fraction during embryonic development. Despite there being no net uptake of ash, there is a net increase in calcium, potassium, sodium, and magnesium in the neonate compared with the egg. We conclude that E. tympanum, like E. quoyii, is predominantly lecithotrophic with little, if any, uptake of organic molecules but with significant uptake of some inorganic ions and water. In addition, there is no difference in placentotrophy correlated with differences in the environments inhabited by each species.