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Clinical spectrum of Kawasaki disease in infants
1Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 160, Sec. 3, Taichung-Kang Road, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
Insights
Kawasaki disease in infants presents atypically more often and carries a higher risk of coronary artery dilation. Early diagnosis using echocardiography is crucial, especially when diagnostic criteria are insufficient.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Cardiology
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Kawasaki disease is a leading cause of acquired heart disease in children.
- Infantile Kawasaki disease is underreported, necessitating further clinical assessment.
- This study investigates the clinical characteristics of Kawasaki disease in infants.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the clinical spectrum of Kawasaki disease specifically in infants.
- To identify risk factors and clinical indicators associated with coronary artery dilation in this age group.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of 48 infants diagnosed with Kawasaki disease between 1989 and 1998.
- Patients were categorized based on the presence or absence of coronary artery dilation.
- Clinical and laboratory data were compared between groups.
Main Results:
- Infants represented 17.5% of Kawasaki disease cases; 31.2% had atypical presentations, significantly higher than older children (p < 0.001).
- Coronary artery dilation occurred in 35.4% of infants, associated with longer diagnosis duration and atypical features.
- Predictive value for coronary artery dilation using atypical presentation, diagnosis duration, and C-reactive protein was 81.2%.
Conclusions:
- Infantile Kawasaki disease exhibits a higher incidence of atypical presentations and an increased risk of coronary artery dilation.
- Vigilance is required to diagnose atypical Kawasaki disease in infants lacking complete diagnostic criteria.
- Echocardiography plays a vital role in diagnosing atypical Kawasaki disease in infants.
Background:
Kawasaki disease is a common acquired heart disease in children. Only a few reports have been published concerning Kawasaki disease in infants. This study was performed to assess the clinical spectrum of Kawasaki disease in infants.
Methods:
Between January 1989 and December 1998, a total of 48 consecutive Kawasaki patients less than one year of age were enrolled and studied retrospectively. Coronary artery dilation was defined as the internal diameter of a coronary artery larger than 3 mm. All cases received 2 gm/Kg of intravenous immunoglobulin. We divided the patients into two groups; group I; coronary artery dilation (+) and group II; coronary artery dilation (-), and compared the clinical and laboratory data.
Results:
Of 273 patients with Kawasaki disease, 48 (17.5%) were less than one year of age. Among these patients (< 1 year old), the median age was 7.8 +/- 2.8 months (range 2 months to 12 months), and the male to female ratio was 1.52:1. The incidence of atypical Kawasaki disease was 31.2% (compared with an incidence of atypical Kawasaki disease among patient more than one year of age of 7.5%; p < 0.001), and that of coronary artery dilation was 35.4%. Clinical manifestations included fever 100%, extremity change 91.6%, skin rash 89.6%, conjunctivitis 89.6%, oral mucosa change 89.6%, and cervical lymphadenopathy 0%. Laboratory data revealed white blood cell count: 15,403 +/- 6,282/mm3, hemoglobin: 10.1 +/- 1.0 gm/dl, neutrophil: 59.2 +/- 13.7%, lymphocytes: 30.6 +/- 13.1%, platelet count: 456,3000 +/- 216,4000/mm3, and C-reactive protein 8.2 +/- 5.6 mg/dl. Patients with coronary artery dilation had a longer duration of diagnosis, higher incidence of atypical presentation, lower incidence of conjunctivitis, lower incidence of skin rash, lower incidence of extremity change, and lower C-reactive protein. The predictive value of coronary artery dilation based on the combination of atypical presentation, duration of diagnosis, and C-reactive protein was 81.2%.
Conclusions:
Kawasaki disease in infants is associated with a high incidence of atypical presentation and increased risk of coronary artery dilation. We suggest that in an infant with insufficient diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease, care should be taken to avoid missing atypical Kawasaki disease. Echocardiography is an important tool for diagnosis of atypical Kawasaki disease.