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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleolus02:55

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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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The Nucleosome Core Particle02:10

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
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DNA in a human cell is almost 2m long and it is packed inside a tiny nucleus that is only a few microns in diameter. The level of compaction of DNA inside the nucleus is astonishing. It is organized into several sequentially higher levels of compaction to fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 1, 2026

A Filtration-based Method of Preparing High-quality Nuclei from Cross-linked Skeletal Muscle for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
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A Filtration-based Method of Preparing High-quality Nuclei from Cross-linked Skeletal Muscle for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

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Circulating nucleosomes in serum.

S Holdenrieder1, P Stieber, H Bodenmüller

  • 1Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Klinikum der Universität München-Grosshadern, Munich, Germany.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|November 16, 2001
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circulating nucleosomes, DNA-protein complexes released during cell death, are not specific disease markers. However, monitoring their levels during cancer treatment can predict therapeutic efficacy and patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nucleosomes are complexes of DNA and proteins within eukaryotic cell nuclei.
  • During apoptosis, nucleosomes are cleaved and packaged into apoptotic bodies.
  • Elevated circulating nucleosomes result from high cellular turnover and cell death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the clinical relevance of circulating nucleosomes.
  • To explore the utility of nucleosome levels in monitoring cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Detection of nucleosomes in patient serum or plasma.
  • Correlation of nucleosome levels with clinical outcomes during chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Elevated circulating nucleosomes are observed in various pathologic conditions.
  • Circulating nucleosome levels are not specific for benign or malignant disorders.
  • Changes in nucleosome levels during cancer treatment correlate with therapeutic outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • While not disease-specific, circulating nucleosomes can serve as biomarkers.
  • Monitoring nucleosome levels aids in therapeutic monitoring and efficacy prediction for cancer patients.