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Nonlinear ligament viscoelasticity.

P Provenzano1, R Lakes, T Keenan

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53792-3228, USA.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering
|January 5, 2002
PubMed
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This study reveals that the nonlinear viscoelasticity of ligaments, specifically the medial collateral ligament (MCL), necessitates a more complex mathematical model than the commonly used quasilinear viscoelasticity (QLV) formulation. Findings indicate that ligament behavior under stress is strain-dependent, not stress-dependent.

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Ligaments exhibit time-dependent viscoelastic behavior and nonlinear stress-strain responses.
  • Existing linear viscoelastic theory cannot fully explain experimental observations like faster stress relaxation than creep in medial collateral ligaments.
  • Nonlinear viscoelasticity is crucial for accurately modeling ligament mechanical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that nonlinear ligament viscoelasticity requires a formulation more general than separable quasilinear viscoelasticity (QLV).
  • To investigate the dependence of creep and relaxation rates on stress and strain levels in ligaments.
  • To determine if current QLV models adequately describe observed ligament behaviors.

Main Methods:

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  • Performed creep and stress relaxation experiments on freshly harvested rat medial collateral ligaments (MCLs).
  • Applied various loads and deformations below the damage threshold to simulate physiological conditions.
  • Analyzed the rate-dependent mechanical responses under both creep and relaxation conditions.

    • Main Results:

    • Observed nonlinear behavior where creep rate depends on stress level and relaxation rate depends on strain level.
    • Consistently found that stress relaxation occurs more rapidly than creep.
    • Experimental results from rat MCLs were inconsistent with predictions from separable QLV theory.

    Conclusions:

    • Separable quasilinear viscoelasticity (QLV) is insufficient to describe the observed nonlinear behaviors of ligaments.
    • A more general formulation is required to accurately model the complex viscoelasticity of ligaments.
    • Understanding these nonlinearities is critical for accurate biomechanical modeling and tissue engineering applications.