European dosimetry activities for the ISS

In cooperation with the University of Kiel, the University GH of Siegen, the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig, the Atomic Energy Research Institute in Budapest and the Institute for Biomedical Problems in Moscow, DLR performed measurements of the radiation environment inside and outside spacecrafts on numerous missions with the main objective to determine as precise as possible the radiation exposure of the astronauts. This report comprises some selected results of recent manned missions and indicates where improvements should be achieved and closes with the description of future measurements planned onboard the International Space Station (ISS).