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Related Concept Videos

Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Monitoring Kinase and Phosphatase Activities Through the Cell Cycle by Ratiometric FRET
13:38

Monitoring Kinase and Phosphatase Activities Through the Cell Cycle by Ratiometric FRET

Published on: January 27, 2012

Dynamic multiphosphorylation passwords for activity-dependent gene expression.

Karl Deisseroth1, Richard W Tsien

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. deissero@stanford.edu

Neuron
|April 24, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuronal activity triggers CREB phosphorylation, crucial for learning and memory. Novel signaling pathways utilize calcium signals to modulate CREB activity, generating distinct gene expression patterns for neuronal plasticity.

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Monitoring Kinase and Phosphatase Activities Through the Cell Cycle by Ratiometric FRET
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Published on: January 27, 2012

Massively Parallel Reporter Assays in Cultured Mammalian Cells
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A Mass Spectrometry-Based Approach to Identify Phosphoprotein Phosphatases and their Interactors
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling

Background:

  • Synapse-to-nucleus signaling regulates gene expression essential for neuronal plasticity.
  • Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation at Ser133 is a key convergence point for kinase pathways activated by neuronal activity.
  • Understanding how diverse signaling pathways converge on CREB while eliciting distinct transcriptional outcomes is critical.

Discussion:

  • This review examines how calcium (Ca2+) signals can initiate multiple phosphorylation events.
  • These events work in concert to regulate CREB activity and its interactions with coactivator proteins.
  • The interplay between Ca2+ signaling, CREB phosphorylation, and coactivator binding dictates specific gene expression profiles.

Key Insights:

  • Multiple kinase pathways activated by neuronal activity converge on CREB phosphorylation at Ser133.
  • Calcium signaling plays a pivotal role in orchestrating distinct CREB-mediated transcriptional responses.
  • Combinatorial phosphorylation events fine-tune CREB's interaction with coactivators, leading to specific gene expression patterns.

Outlook:

  • Further research into the precise mechanisms of Ca2+-dependent combinatorial phosphorylation of CREB.
  • Exploring how these distinct CREB-mediated gene expression patterns contribute to specific forms of neuronal plasticity.
  • Investigating potential therapeutic targets for neurological disorders by modulating CREB signaling pathways.