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[Mitral valve prolapse]
Igor Ivanov1, Jadranka Dejanović, Biljana Radisić
1Medicinski fakultet, Novi Sad Institut za kardiovaskularne bolesti, Klinika za kardiologiju, Sremska Kamenica.
Introduction:
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common finding in everyday clinical practice. However, despite simple diagnostics, clinicians remain interested in it due to its undetermined prevalence, various etiology, clinical features and echocardiographic findings.
Etiology And Prevalence:
MVP exists as a primary condition and is commonly associated with tissue diseases of familial origin. It is more common in people with asthenic constitution and congenital thoracic abnormalities. Secondary etiology occurs in rheumatic processes on mitral valve, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart disease. The prevalence varies between 0.33-17%.
Diagnosis And Complications:
Clinical manifestations are different and in most patients asymptomatic. The diagnosis is established by anamnesis, physical examination, M-mode and 2-dimen-sional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography, left ventriculography and direct histopathologic investigation of mitral apparatus. Although MVP is a benign condition, there are certain complications such as infective endocarditis, severe mitral regurgitation, heart failure, cerebral and coronary embolism events, arrhythmias and sudden death. Complications mostly occur in patients with heart murmurs and mitral insufficiency in contrast to patients with cusps.
Insights
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is common but has varied causes and presentations. While often benign, MVP can lead to serious complications, necessitating ongoing clinical interest and research.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Valvular Heart Disease
Context:
- Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a frequent clinical finding with unclear prevalence and diverse origins.
- Associated with connective tissue disorders, asthenic body types, and congenital thoracic anomalies.
- Secondary causes include rheumatic heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and ischemic heart disease.
Purpose:
- To review the etiology, prevalence, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and potential complications of mitral valve prolapse.
- To highlight the diagnostic approaches including echocardiography and left ventriculography.
- To discuss the spectrum of MVP complications, from asymptomatic cases to severe outcomes.
Summary:
- MVP prevalence ranges from 0.33% to 17%, with primary and secondary etiologies.
- Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, echocardiography, and sometimes left ventriculography or tissue analysis.
- While often asymptomatic and benign, MVP carries risks of infective endocarditis, heart failure, embolism, and sudden death.
Impact:
- Understanding MVP's varied presentation and risks is crucial for timely diagnosis and management.
- Highlights the importance of echocardiography in diagnosing MVP and assessing regurgitation severity.
- Emphasizes the need for vigilance regarding potential MVP complications, particularly in symptomatic patients.