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Related Concept Videos

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
The Pineal Gland01:02

The Pineal Gland

The pineal gland, a diminutive endocrine structure named for its pinecone-shaped appearance, is situated atop the third ventricle within the diencephalon region of the forebrain. This gland, composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes arranged in compact cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts, plays a pivotal role in hormonal regulation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

In Vitro Bioluminescence Assay to Characterize Circadian Rhythm in Mammary Epithelial Cells
11:56

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Published on: September 28, 2017

Senescence, sleep, and circadian rhythms.

S R Pandi-Perumal1, L K Seils, L Kayumov

  • 1Department of Physiology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. pandi_Ratna@rush.edu

Ageing Research Reviews
|June 18, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Aging impacts sleep and circadian rhythms, affecting both animals and humans. This review explores these changes, highlighting research on aged animals and its relevance to human aging, and discusses future holistic approaches to sleep medicine.

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Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

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11:56

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Published on: September 28, 2017

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Published on: December 14, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Sleep Science
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • Senescence involves complex changes in sleep and circadian timing system (CTS).
  • Understanding these changes in animals informs human aging research.
  • Age-related sleep and temporal organization alterations are common.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the interdisciplinary connections between senescence, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
  • To emphasize the dynamic nature of sleep and CTS during aging.
  • To correlate findings from aged animal studies with human aging processes.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review focusing on senescence, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
  • Analysis of studies involving sleep and circadian rhythms in aged animals and humans.
  • Examination of age-related modifications in sleep and CTS.

Main Results:

  • Common age-related changes in sleep and temporal organization observed in animals and humans.
  • Specific modifications in sleep and CTS accompanying aging.
  • Clinical epidemiology of age-related sleep dysfunctions and their management.

Conclusions:

  • Collaboration between clinicians and basic scientists is crucial for advancing aging research.
  • Current management strategies for age-related sleep disorders include pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.
  • Future research may lead to a "Holistic Sleep Medicine" approach, potentially incorporating complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).