Mechanisms of blood flow-induced vascular enlargement

Chronic changes in wall shear stress lead to vascular remodeling, characterized by increased vascular wall diameter and thickness, to restore wall shear stress values to baseline. Release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells exposed to excessive shear is a fundamental step in the remodeling process, and potentially triggers a cascade of events, including growth factor induction and matrix metalloproteinase activation, that together contribute to restructuralization of the vessel wall. Understanding these processes could help explain how changes in blood vessel wall structure occur in the context of atherosclerosis or aortic aneurisms.