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West Nile virus.

Grant L Campbell1, Anthony A Marfin, Robert S Lanciotti

  • 1Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. GLCampbell@cdc.gov

The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
|September 7, 2002
PubMed
Summary

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne illness affecting humans and animals. Prevention relies on mosquito control and public awareness, as no specific treatments exist.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • West Nile (WN) virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus causing neuropathogenesis in humans, equines, and avians.
  • It is endemic to Africa, Asia, Europe, and Australia, with recent epidemics in Romania, Russia, and Israel.
  • Birds serve as natural reservoirs, maintaining the virus in a mosquito-bird-mosquito cycle, primarily with Culex mosquitoes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the emergence and spread of West Nile virus in North America.
  • To report the incidence and clinical spectrum of West Nile viral disease in the USA.
  • To highlight the diagnostic and preventive challenges posed by West Nile virus.

Main Methods:

  • Surveillance and reporting of neuroinvasive West Nile viral disease and West Nile fever cases.

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  • Epidemiological analysis of case distribution, severity, and risk factors (e.g., age).
  • Review of diagnostic methods (serology) and current treatment/prevention strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • West Nile virus was first detected in North America in 1999, leading to an epidemic of meningoencephalitis in New York City.
    • Between 1999-2002, the virus expanded its range across the eastern USA, with continued expansion expected.
    • During 1999-2001, 142 neuroinvasive cases (18 fatal) and 7 uncomplicated fever cases were reported in the USA, with increased severity and mortality in older individuals.

    Conclusions:

    • West Nile virus poses a significant public health threat in North America, characterized by neuroinvasive disease and fatalities.
    • Laboratory diagnosis relies on serology, but no specific antiviral treatments or vaccines are currently available.
    • Effective prevention strategies necessitate organized, sustained mosquito control programs and public education initiatives.