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Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Language Development01:22

Language Development

Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
Piaget's Stage 4 of Cognitive Development01:19

Piaget's Stage 4 of Cognitive Development

The formal operational stage, as described in Piaget's cognitive development theory, begins around age 11 and extends into adulthood. It marks the emergence of advanced cognitive abilities that differentiate adolescent and adult thinking from those of younger children. This stage is characterized by abstract reasoning, hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and a more complex understanding of self and others.
Abstract Reasoning and Hypothetical-Deductive Thinking
Unlike the concrete operational...

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Linguistic analyses of the discourse narratives of young and aged women.

Folia phoniatrica·1988
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Articulation development in preschool children: consistency of productions.

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Comparisons among three articulation sampling procedures with preschool children.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
12:43

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Published on: February 21, 2011

Articulation development in children aged two to four years.

E M Prather, D L Hedrick

    The Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders
    |May 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study on children's articulation skills found earlier sound and feature development than previous research. However, the overall developmental sequences remained consistent across studies.

    Area of Science:

    • Speech-language pathology
    • Developmental linguistics
    • Childhood communication disorders

    Background:

    • Understanding typical speech sound acquisition is crucial for identifying developmental delays.
    • Classical studies provide a baseline for phonological development.
    • Distinctive feature analysis offers insights into the underlying linguistic rules children acquire.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the articulation skills of children aged 24-48 months.
    • To compare current findings with historical data on speech sound development.
    • To evaluate the progression of distinctive feature usage in young children.

    Main Methods:

    • Articulation skills of 147 children (24-48 months) were systematically evaluated.
    • Results were benchmarked against established classical phonological studies.

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    Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors
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  • Analysis focused on the emergence of specific speech sounds and distinctive features.

    • Main Results:

    • Children in this study demonstrated correct sound and feature usage at earlier ages than reported in prior research.
    • The general developmental sequences for speech sound acquisition were highly consistent with previous studies.
    • Earlier emergence of phonological processes was observed.

    Conclusions:

    • Childhood speech sound development may occur earlier than previously documented.
    • The fundamental order of phonological development appears robust and consistent.
    • These findings have implications for early identification and intervention in speech-language pathology.