[Mechanical interaction between patient and ventilator in biphasic positive airway pressure (BIPAP)--digital and...

Biphasic Positive Airway Pressure (BIPAP) and the closely related Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV) are characterised by asynchronous actions of ventilator and patient. Clinical observation and physiological reasoning suggest, that in BIPAP patient and ventilator can interact in various ways. This study was to elucidate the mechanical interaction.

Ventilation and interaction between patient and ventilator were analysed in digital and mechanical simulations of BIPAP with a variety of patient effort magnitudes and durations, machine pressures and phase durations, and passive respiratory system (RS) mechanics.

Patient efforts were most likely to effect a breath if they were strong relative to the machine pressure swing, and if they occurred late in a ventilator phase. Conversely, efforts occurring with or shortly after a machine pressure swing or relatively weak efforts were more or less ineffective. The postulated permanently unrestricted spontaneous breathing in BlPAP mode, although indeed assured in the technical sense, has to be qualified: Every change in machine pressure defines a new balance of the forces driving the RS, and the lung volume will approach a new elastic equilibrium volume ( = relaxation volume); the speed of this approach is determined by the time constant (tau = R x C) of the RS. Patient efforts are most effective when the RS is at or close to an equilibrium. An increase in the assisting machine pressure swing can unload the patient and assure a minimum ventilation, but it reduces the patient"s influence on ventilation and thus potentially patient comfort. In contrast, Automatic Tube Compensation (ATC), an assist component accelerating the RS by reducing resistances, combines unloading with more patient influence; this has to be weighed against the potential disadvantage of higher peak flows.