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Related Concept Videos

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Chickenpox01:20

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

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Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Evaluation of a Universal Nested Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Lyssaviruses
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Evaluation of a Universal Nested Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Lyssaviruses

Published on: May 2, 2019

[Epizootic characteristic of rabies today].

V V Makarov1, S I Dzhupina, V A Vedernikov

  • 1Peoples' Friendship University, Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary, Moscow, Russia.

Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii I Immunobiologii
|January 15, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Rabies in the Moscow region primarily circulates from wild foxes to domestic animals. While natural rabies cases decreased over 25 years, foxes remain a key reservoir, posing risks to domestic dogs and cats.

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Evaluation of a Universal Nested Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Lyssaviruses
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Published on: May 2, 2019

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Whole Genome Sequencing for Rapid Characterization of Rabies Virus Using Nanopore Technology
10:26

Whole Genome Sequencing for Rapid Characterization of Rabies Virus Using Nanopore Technology

Published on: August 18, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary epidemiology
  • Zoonotic disease surveillance
  • Wildlife ecology

Context:

  • Rabies poses a significant zoonotic threat, with complex transmission cycles involving wildlife and domestic animals.
  • Understanding rabies epizootiology in the Moscow region is crucial for effective disease control and prevention strategies.
  • Historical data from a 23-year period provides insights into rabies prevalence and transmission dynamics.

Purpose:

  • To analyze the epizootological patterns of rabies in the Moscow region over a 23-year period.
  • To identify the primary reservoirs and transmission pathways of rabies, distinguishing between natural and anthropurgic foci.
  • To assess the changing role of wild and domestic animals in the rabies epizootic process.

Summary:

  • Rabies was registered in 163 foxes, 22 raccoon-like dogs, 92 dogs, and 54 cats over 23 years in the Moscow region.
  • The study highlights a "natural foci --> anthropurgic foci" transmission pattern, with foxes serving as the main reservoir and source of infection.
  • While natural rabies probability decreased, foxes remain critical in maintaining infection, with dogs and cats representing key risks in anthropurgic cycles.

Impact:

  • Provides critical data for targeted rabies control programs in wildlife and domestic animal populations.
  • Informs public health strategies for preventing rabies transmission to humans.
  • Contributes to the broader understanding of zoonotic disease dynamics and reservoir-host interactions.