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Related Concept Videos

Maturation of Endosomes01:28

Maturation of Endosomes

The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
Changes in location
The maturing endosome moves along microtubules from the periphery of the cell towards the perinuclear region. This movement of the...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity
12:17

Detection and Isolation of Apoptotic Bodies to High Purity

Published on: August 12, 2018

Proteomic approach to apoptotic thymus maturation.

Takao Kawakami1, Takuya Nagata, Atsushi Muraguchi

  • 1Chemistry Department, Research Division, GlaxoSmithKline KK, 43 Wadai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan.

Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences
|March 28, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Apoptosis, crucial for T lymphocyte selection during thymus maturation, can be systematically studied using proteomics. This approach analyzes protein expression profiles to understand cell death pathways.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Apoptosis is vital for T lymphocyte selection in mammalian thymus maturation.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis is key to immune system development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the utility of proteomics in systematically analyzing protein molecules involved in apoptosis.
  • To demonstrate how protein expression profiles can aid in constructing intracellular pathway models of apoptotic cell death.

Main Methods:

  • Proteomics offers a comprehensive approach to study cellular protein expression.
  • Analysis of protein signatures, localization, and quantitative changes is employed.

Main Results:

  • Protein expression profiles provide insights into the complex biological system of apoptosis.
  • Quantitative changes in proteins in response to extracellular stimuli are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Proteomics is a powerful tool for dissecting the molecular intricacies of apoptosis.
  • Detailed protein information facilitates the modeling of intracellular pathways leading to programmed cell death.