Making advance directives meaningful

Advance directives have been criticized as impractical and/or ineffective, but very little of the criticism differentiates among diverse types of advance directives. The thesis of this article is that carefully drawn documents can be effective. The inadequacy of the advance directive mechanism to date flows in part from documents that are too vague and uninformative. People preparing advance directives are usually seeking to define a level of intolerable indignity at which death becomes preferable. By focusing on the elements of indignity that commonly trouble dying persons, drafters of advance directives can prepare forms that are relevant and meaningful to most people. The author examines the efforts of some existing forms to define intolerable indignity and suggests a different approach. That approach is a unique values profile geared to helping people describe what is, for them, an intolerably deteriorated status.