Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Alpha-synuclein at the crossroads of host-virus interactions: immunological roles beyond the nervous system.

Journal of virology·2026

Same author

Immunophenotypic skewing of B cells toward IgD⁻CD27⁻IgG⁺ subtype and metabolic attenuation in colorectal cancer.

Scientific reports·2026

Same author

Blood immunomap for prediction of responses to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.

iScience·2025

Same author

Sepsis in patients who are immunocompromised: diagnostic challenges and future therapies.

The Lancet. Respiratory medicine·2025

Same author

Impact of High-Efficacy Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis on B Cells.

Cells·2025

Same author

Multiparametric analysis of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in solid tumors.

Methods in cell biology·2025

Same journal

Use of gloves: current evidence vs. current use.

Current opinion in infectious diseases·2026

Same journal

Understanding challenges to prevention of healthcare related infections.

Current opinion in infectious diseases·2026

Same journal

Harnessing next-generation microbial diagnostics to optimize infection management in immunocompromised hosts.

Current opinion in infectious diseases·2026

Same journal

Epidemiology, treatment and outcomes of antimicrobial-resistant infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

Current opinion in infectious diseases·2026

Same journal

Dengue and chikungunya vaccines past, present and future: implications for travelers.

Current opinion in infectious diseases·2026

Same journal

Oropouche virus: viral evolution, epidemiological trends, and challenges for control.

Current opinion in infectious diseases·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals

Author Spotlight: Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals

Published on: May 19, 2023

Tests for mitochondrial function and DNA: potentials and pitfalls.

Andrea Cossarizza¹

¹Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of General Pathology, University of Modena, Modena, Italy. cossariz@unimo.it

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

|June 25, 2003

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Antiretroviral therapy for HIV may impact mitochondria, but research findings vary. This review examines methods for studying mitochondrial function and DNA to understand these effects in HIV patients.

More Related Videos

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Published on: February 10, 2023

An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model

An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model

Published on: March 9, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals

Author Spotlight: Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals

Published on: May 19, 2023

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Published on: February 10, 2023

An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model

An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model

Published on: March 9, 2022

Area of Science:

Mitochondrial biology
Virology
Immunology

Background:

Mitochondria are crucial organelles affected by HIV and its treatment.
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV raises concerns about mitochondrial toxicity.
Immune cells and other tissues may be impacted by ART-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the effects of antiretroviral therapy on mitochondrial function in HIV patients.
To investigate how ART may alter mitochondrial functionality and cause toxicity.
To explore mitochondrial changes in immune cells and other tissues.

Main Methods:

Utilized in-vivo and ex-vivo models to study mitochondrial function and DNA.
Employed various technologies for single-cell/organelle analysis (membrane potential, enzyme activity, DNA content/sequence).
Reviewed in-vitro and ex-vivo study data on mitochondrial parameters in HIV patients on ART.

Main Results:

In-vitro studies show consistent changes in mitochondrial parameters, varying by drug, cell model, and measured parameter.
Ex-vivo analyses of HIV-positive patients yield heterogeneous results regarding mitochondrial DNA content and organelle function.
Some tissues/cells show mitochondrial alterations, while others do not, indicating context-dependent effects.

Conclusions:

Discrepancies in findings may stem from the diverse technologies used to study mitochondria.
This paper summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of key methods for assessing mitochondrial function and DNA.
Understanding methodological differences is crucial for interpreting mitochondrial changes in HIV patients on ART.