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Visual impairment in children born prematurely from 1972 through 1989
Sirkka-Liisa Rudanko1, Vineta Fellman, Leila Laatikainen
1The Finnish Register of Visual Impairment, Finnish National Agency for Welfare and Health, Helsinki, Finland.
Insights
Premature birth significantly increases the risk of severe visual impairment and blindness in children. Conditions like retinopathy of prematurity and optic atrophy were common causes, often accompanied by other handicaps.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Pediatrics
- Public Health
Background:
- Premature birth is a significant global health concern.
- Visual impairment in children can have long-term developmental consequences.
- Understanding risk factors for visual impairment in preterm infants is crucial for early intervention.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the incidence and causes of visual impairment in children born prematurely in Finland between 1972 and 1989.
- To identify conditions and factors associated with visual impairment in this population.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective, cross-sectional study utilizing data from the Finnish Register of Visual Impairment.
- Inclusion criteria: visually impaired individuals aged 0-17 born before 37 weeks gestation with available records.
- Data supplemented from hospital records and national registers; statistical analyses included chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, Fisher exact, and logistic regression.
Main Results:
- 23% of visually impaired children studied were born preterm (11/100,000).
- Leading causes of visual impairment were retinopathy of prematurity (46%), optic atrophy (28%), and cerebral amblyopia (12%).
- Preterm visually impaired children frequently had other handicaps (66%), cerebral palsy (54%), and epilepsy (36%); 70% were blind. Risk factors included very low birth weight, young gestational age, prenatal infection, and respiratory issues.
Conclusions:
- Premature birth is a major risk factor for severe visual impairment and childhood blindness.
- Visual impairment in preterm infants is often associated with multiple handicaps, including cerebral palsy and epilepsy.
- Increasing survival rates of very low birth weight infants correlated with a rising incidence of blindness.
Purpose:
To investigate the incidence and causes of visual impairment in children born prematurely in Finland from 1972 through 1989, and to determine what conditions and factors were associated with its occurrence.
Design:
Retrospective, cross-sectional study.
Subjects:
All visually impaired individuals from 0 to 17 years of age who had been born at fewer than 37 gestational weeks in Finland from 1972 through 1989 for whom records were available in the Finnish Register of Visual Impairment were eligible for this study.
Methods:
Data in the Finnish Register of Visual Impairment relating to 556 children were supplemented with data from hospital records, and from the Register of Births, the Register of Congenital Malformations, the Finnish Care Register, and the Finnish Cancer Register. Data relating to causes associated with visual impairment in particular were collected. Data relating to the children born prematurely were compared with data relating to children born at full term. The chi-square test (Mantel-Haenszel), the Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher exact test, and stepwise logistic regression analysis were used in statistical analysis of the data.
Main Outcome Measures:
Visual acuity, ophthalmologic diagnoses, associated systemic disease, multiple handicap, gestational age, birth weight, 5-minute Apgar scores, and prenatal, perinatal, and infantile or juvenile disorders or disease and treatment.
Results:
One hundred twenty-five of the 556 visually impaired children (23%; 11/100000 children less than 18 years of age) had been born preterm. Retinopathy of prematurity, optic atrophy, and cerebral amblyopia were the main diagnoses associated with visual impairment (in 46%, 28%, and 12% of cases, respectively). Sixty-six percent of those born prematurely with visual impairment were also affected by other handicaps (mental, motor, auditory), 54% by cerebral palsy and 36% by epilepsy. Eighty-eight of the 125 children (70%) born preterm with visual impairment were blind. Very low birth weight (<1500 g), young gestational age (fewer than 30 weeks), prenatal infection, hyperbilirubinemia, respiratory disorders, asphyxia, and lengthy mechanical ventilation were associated with an increased risk of visual impairment.
Conclusions:
Premature birth was a major risk factor of severe visual impairment and blindness in childhood. The visual impairment often was accompanied by cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and other motor and mental handicaps. Retinopathy of prematurity, optic atrophy, and cerebral amblyopia were the main diagnoses associated with visual impairment. During the 18 years covered by the study, the increasing incidence of survival of infants born weighing fewer than 1500 g was associated with increasing incidence of blindness.