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Programmed cell death: concept, mechanism and control.

S Sen1

  • 1Centre for Advanced Study in Cell and Chromosome Research, University of Calcutta, India.

Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
|August 1, 1992
PubMed
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Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is a genetically controlled process crucial for physiological functions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms and genetic regulation of apoptosis is key to its study.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is a physiological process involving active cellular participation.
  • Apoptosis is genetically controlled and can be induced by various stimuli, but its precise mechanisms and intensity-dependent roles require further investigation.
  • Morphological and biochemical changes characterize apoptotic cells, including chromatin fragmentation and plasma membrane alterations facilitating phagocytosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of apoptosis and its regulation.
  • To investigate whether all cells can undergo apoptosis or if it is tissue-specific.
  • To explore the role of macromolecular synthesis and specific genes in the apoptotic cascade.

Main Methods:

Related Experiment Videos

  • Morphological observation of apoptotic cells.
  • Biochemical analysis of DNA fragmentation and enzyme activity (Ca2+, Mg2+-sensitive neutral endonuclease).
  • Investigation of RNA and protein synthesis requirements for apoptosis.
  • Molecular studies identifying specific genes and their products involved in apoptosis (e.g., ced gene, TRPM-2/SGP-2, c-fos, c-myc).

    • Main Results:

    • Apoptosis involves DNA cleavage by a Ca2+, Mg2+-sensitive endonuclease, inhibited by zinc, with calcium playing a key role in enzyme activation.
    • Most apoptotic cells require RNA and protein synthesis; inhibition of macromolecular synthesis delays or prevents apoptosis.
    • Specific genes and their products, such as TRPM-2/SGP-2, c-fos, and c-myc, are sequentially induced during apoptosis.
    • Certain genes must remain transcriptionally active and demethylated for programmed cell death.

    Conclusions:

    • Apoptosis is a complex, genetically regulated process involving specific biochemical and molecular events.
    • Calcium signaling and macromolecular synthesis are critical for initiating and executing apoptosis.
    • Further experimental studies are needed to compare apoptosis induction across different cell types and fully elucidate its genetic control.