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Education and cancer risk.

C La Vecchia1, E Negri, S Franceschi

  • 1Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy.

Cancer
|December 15, 1992
PubMed
Summary

Higher education levels are linked to a lower risk of several cancers, including oral cavity, esophagus, and stomach cancers. Conversely, increased education correlates with a higher risk for cancers such as colon, breast, and thyroid cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Oncology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Socioeconomic status is a known determinant of cancer risk.
  • Education level, a key socioeconomic indicator, may influence cancer incidence.
  • Understanding these associations is crucial for targeted cancer prevention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between education level and the risk of various cancer types.
  • To quantify the association between educational attainment and cancer incidence in a large case-control study.
  • To identify specific cancer sites where education plays a significant role in risk stratification.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study design was employed, collecting data between 1983 and 1990 in northern Italy.
  • Inclusion criteria comprised histologically confirmed cases of numerous cancer types and control subjects with acute, non-neoplastic conditions.
  • Statistical analysis focused on relative risks (RR) associated with different levels of education.

Main Results:

  • Nine cancer types showed an inverse relationship with education, including oral cavity/pharynx (RR=0.3), esophagus (RR=0.6), and stomach (RR=0.5).
  • Five cancer sites demonstrated a direct relationship with education: colon (RR=1.3), pancreas (RR=1.3), breast (RR=1.5), kidney (RR=1.3), and thyroid (RR=1.5).
  • No clear association was observed for cancers of the rectum, prostate, bladder, Hodgkin disease, and multiple myeloma.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms and quantifies significant socioeconomic correlates of cancer risk, particularly related to education.
  • Distinct risk patterns for colon and rectal cancers warrant further investigation.
  • Further research is needed to explore the lack of clear association for cancers of the ovary, prostate, urinary tract, lymphomas, and myeloma with education.

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