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Related Experiment Videos

Flow effects in balanced steady state free precession imaging.

M Markl1, M T Alley, C J Elkins

  • 1Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, USA. markl@s-word.stanford.edu

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|October 31, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Flowing spins outside the imaging slice significantly impact steady state free precession (SSFP) imaging signals. Accurate modeling requires accounting for these "out-of-slice" effects, crucial for understanding flow-related artifacts in SSFP MRI.

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Steady state free precession (SSFP) is a widely used MRI technique.
  • Understanding the influence of fluid flow on SSFP signal intensity is critical for accurate image interpretation and artifact reduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the effects of steady and pulsatile flow on 2D fully balanced SSFP imaging.
  • To investigate the contribution of "out-of-slice" effects to SSFP signal intensity.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated SSFP signal intensities using a matrix formalism based on Bloch equations.
  • Modeled various through-plane flow waveforms and rates, considering excitation slice profiles and in/out-flow effects.
  • Validated simulations with phantom measurements and volunteer scans.

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Main Results:

  • Computer simulations accurately described the effects of flow in SSFP imaging.
  • Identified significant frequency offset-dependent signal contributions from spins outside the imaging slice.
  • Demonstrated that "out-of-slice" magnetization broadens the effective slice thickness for flowing spins.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate modeling of SSFP signal intensities necessitates inclusion of imperfect slice profiles and "out-of-slice" contributions.
  • Flowing spins outside the slice can lead to signal enhancement and artifacts, dependent on frequency offset.
  • These findings are crucial for optimizing SSFP sequences and interpreting flow-related phenomena in MRI.