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Item-specific control of automatic processes: stroop process dissociations.

Larry L Jacoby1, D Stephen Lindsay, Sandra Hessels

  • 1Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA. lljacoby@artsci.wustl.edu

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|November 19, 2003
PubMed
Summary
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The proportion of incongruent items in Stroop tasks influences word reading effects. Item-specific strategies, not just general ones, can reduce this word reading interference in Stroop performance.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Experimental Psychology

Background:

  • The Stroop task measures selective attention and cognitive control.
  • The proportion-congruent effect describes how the ratio of incongruent to congruent trials impacts performance.
  • This effect is typically attributed to general, strategic control mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether item-specific mechanisms, in addition to general strategies, influence the Stroop proportion-congruent effect.
  • To examine how item-specific manipulations affect the process dissociation (PD) estimates of word-reading and color-naming processes.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted using the Stroop color-naming task.
  • Item-specific proportion-congruent manipulations were introduced.
  • The process dissociation (PD) procedure was employed to estimate component processes.

Related Experiment Videos

Main Results:

  • Interference and facilitation effects were reduced for color names typically presented incongruently.
  • This item-specific manipulation modulated the PD estimate for word-reading processes.
  • The PD estimate for color-naming processes remained unaffected by the item-specific manipulation.

Conclusions:

  • Item-specific mechanisms play a role in moderating the influence of word reading on Stroop performance.
  • The findings highlight the utility of the PD procedure in dissecting Stroop task components.