Interaction of silicon dangling bonds with insulating surfaces

We use first principles density functional theory calculations to study the interaction of a model dangling bond silicon tip with the surfaces of CaF2, Al2O3, TiO2, and MgO. In each case the strongest interaction is with the highest anions in the surface. We show that this is due to the onset of chemical bonding with the surface anions, which can be controlled by an electric field across the system. Combining our results and previous studies on semiconductor surfaces suggests that using dangling bond Si tips can provide immediate identification of surface species in atomically resolved noncontact atomic force microscopy and facilitate selective measurements of short-range interactions with surface sites.