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Surveys

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.

Cross-Sectional Research

Cross-Sectional Research

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...

Data Collection by Survey

Data Collection by Survey

The systematic method of obtaining and analyzing accurate information of a population is called data collection. A survey is a standard method of data collection that involves collecting information from a target human population about their experience, opinion, or knowledge of a product, service, or process. The responses are recorded and interpreted. The most common survey examples are written questionnaires, face-to-face or telephonic conversations, focus groups, and electronic (e-mail or...

Convenience Sampling Method

Convenience Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population.
Convenience sampling is a non-random method of sample selection; this method selects individuals that are easily accessible and may result in biased data. For example, a marketing...

Cluster Sampling Method

Cluster Sampling Method

Appropriate sampling methods ensure that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a cluster sample, divide the population into clusters (groups) and then randomly select some of the clusters. All the members from these clusters are in the cluster sample. For example, if you randomly sample four departments from your...

Types of Surveys

Types of Surveys

Surveys are essential for marking property boundaries near water bodies. Different types of surveys are defined, each with its own function. Land surveys mark the property boundaries, while route surveys determine the position of properties on nearby highways. Topographic surveys create maps by capturing the three-dimensional features of the land. Hydrographic surveys focus on the shapes of underwater areas and the movement of streams through the properties. Mine surveys determine the relative...

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Survey research.

¹Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. krosnick@osu.edu

Annual Review of Psychology

|March 12, 2004

Summary

Survey methodology is evolving, challenging old assumptions. New research offers better ways to conduct studies, understand social interaction, and improve data accuracy for psychological research.

Area of Science:

Psychology
Sociology
Survey Methodology

Background:

Conventional survey methodology is facing significant challenges.
Recent advances offer opportunities to improve research practices and understanding of social dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in survey methodology.
To highlight how these advances can improve psychological research and understanding of social cognition.

Main Methods:

Review of recent literature on survey methodology.
Analysis of innovative techniques in questionnaire pretesting and scale labeling.
Examination of respondent interpretation of survey questions.
Exploration of alternative explanations for measurement error.

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Introduction of a new theory of satisficing in questionnaire responding.

Main Results:

Low response rates may not always be detrimental.
Innovative pretesting enhances measurement validity.
Optimal scale labeling can be identified.
Conversational norms influence question interpretation, introducing error.
Social desirability bias may be misattributed; other factors are at play.
Satisficing theory explains various response patterns.

Conclusions:

Survey methodology is undergoing significant reevaluation.
New approaches enhance data quality and understanding of respondent behavior.
These advances benefit psychological research and the study of social interaction.