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Intergroup contact theory.

T F Pettigrew1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA. pettigr@cats.ucsc.edu

Annual Review of Psychology
|March 12, 2004
PubMed
Summary
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Intergroup contact theory, when applied correctly, can reduce prejudice. This research refines the theory by identifying essential conditions, key processes, and strategies for generalizing positive effects.

Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Allport's intergroup contact theory posits four conditions for optimal contact: equal status, common goals, intergroup cooperation, and authority support.
  • Existing research supports the hypothesis but faces challenges including selection bias, inclusion of non-essential conditions, lack of process explanation, and generalization issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address limitations in Allport's intergroup contact theory.
  • To propose a refined longitudinal theory distinguishing essential from facilitating factors.
  • To outline processes and strategies for enhancing the effects and generalization of intergroup contact.

Main Methods:

  • Review and critique of existing intergroup contact research.
  • Development of a theoretical framework incorporating essential conditions, psychological processes, and generalization strategies.

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  • Proposal of a longitudinal perspective on intergroup contact effects.

    • Main Results:

    • Positive effects of cross-group friendships can outweigh selection bias.
    • Key processes include learning about the outgroup, behavioral change, developing affective ties, and ingroup reappraisal.
    • Strategies like decategorization, salient categorization, and recategorization enhance generalization.

    Conclusions:

    • A refined intergroup contact theory requires distinguishing essential from facilitating conditions.
    • Understanding psychological processes is crucial for maximizing contact effects.
    • Generalization of positive effects can be strategically enhanced through specific categorization approaches.