Hydrolytic degradation and cracks in resin-modified glass-ionomer cements

Water-absorption affects the basic properties of resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (RMGICs). Fick's law is usually invoked to explain the absorption process. The purpose of this study is to show that the absorption in accordance with the Fickian model cannot be extended to the whole of the specimen, and that microcrack formation is the main degradation mechanism for specimens cured in a closed environment. For this purpose, flat disk-shaped paste specimens 1.5 mm thick (aspect ratio 4), irradiated in closed conditions between two glass slides and stored in water for approximately 20 months, were analyzed periodically gravimetrically and under confocal fluorescence microscopy, with absorbed eosin used as the fluorescent probe. At pH 7.0, the specimen surface (10-20 micrometers in depth) absorbed water rapidly, swelled, and disintegrated in 20-40 days. Long-term storage produced isolated cracks and grains, no progress in the swelling, and a slow weight decrease. A lower pH (pH 3.5) produced a significant increase of the number of microcracks. The decrease in the irradiation time (30 s or less) enhanced the erosion process, producing very broad cracks. It was concluded that the prevalent mechanism of long-term hydrolytic degradation was based on the slow formation of cracks, whereas only in the early stage of storage did absorption occur quickly in accordance with the Fickian diffusion.