Update and review of moderate and deep sedation

The administration of sedation/analgesia to allow patients to tolerate diagnostic or therapeutic procedures and tests is a fact of life. Approximately 200,000,000 such sedations are administered every year in the United States. Any morbidity or mortality associated with sedation is likely to be deemed avoidable. There will never be adequate resources or personnel so that trained anesthesia providers administer all sedations, and there probably is no need for such an approach. Clinicians from many specialties now safely and effectively administer sedation. With attention to updated guidelines and concepts, as outlined in this article, the safety and efficacy of sedation/analgesia can and should be excellent.