Disorders of the long head of the biceps tendon

The long head of the biceps tendon long has been suspected as a source of clinically significant pathology and symptoms. It has only been more recently, however, that medical science has been able to delineate and describe in detail important anatomic structures and relationships of structures, functions, and pathophysiologic mechanisms related to the tendon. The function of the tendon has been disputed, but evidence now suggests that it does play a role in stabilization of the glenohumeral joint. This function should be considered when planning a rehabilitation program for the shoulder. Terminology used to describe disorders of the long head of the biceps tendon has been confusing at times, but with the use of appropriate terminology, an improved dialogue can exist between clinicians and other practitioners. Although conservative treatment generally is recommended and often is sufficient in obtaining an acceptable outcome, surgical treatment after failed conservative care or in the setting of an associated rotator cuff or labral lesion may be appropriate.