Proteomic profiling of cancer biomarkers

Early detection and correct diagnosis are essential for effective treatment of cancer and patient survival. Complete sequencing of the human genome, and the genomes of other species, provides valuable tools for discerning the genetic abnormalities in cancer. However, differences between cancerous and normal cells reflect more than variations in genetic sequences and abundance of transcribed RNA. Many cancer biomarkers are manifestation of differences in post-transcriptional splicing and/or post-translational modifications. Thus, proteomic tools are being increasingly utilised in the post-genomic era for discovery of new cancer biomarkers. In this paper we will provide an overview of the biomarker discovery process from the proteomic profiling point of view, with emphasis given to the principles that are involved in the process, including the protein identification strategies, and how surface enhanced laser desorption ionisation mass spectrometry fits into the picture. The aim is to provide a resource for the experimental practitioner seeking awareness of the analytical tools that are now available in contemporary cancer research.