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Related Concept Videos

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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DNA Isolation01:24

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DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Selective Capture of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine from Genomic DNA
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Secret signatures inside genomic DNA.

Masanori Arita1, Yoshiaki Ohashi

  • 1Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, 277-8561 Kashiwa, Japan. arita@k.u-tokyo,ac.jp

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Summary

A new method allows watermarking genomic DNA with trademarks or signatures. This biologically safe technique can be applied to commercial bacteria for branding and patent dispute resolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Commercialized bacterial strains lack unique identifiers.
  • Intellectual property disputes in gene-related patents are common.
  • Existing methods for strain identification may not be practical for widespread commercial use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a simple and practical method for watermarking genomic DNA.
  • To enable the incorporation of trademarks or signatures into bacterial DNA.
  • To provide a tool for establishing brand names and resolving legal disputes concerning engineered bacterial strains.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a biologically innocuous DNA watermarking technique.
  • Application of the watermarking method to bacterial genomic DNA.
  • Engineering of a Bacillus subtilis strain incorporating the watermark.

Main Results:

  • Successful implementation of a practical DNA watermarking method.
  • Demonstration of biological innocuousness of the watermarking process.
  • Engineering of the first Bacillus subtilis strain with a genomic watermark, ready for distribution.

Conclusions:

  • The developed DNA watermarking method is effective and practical for commercial applications.
  • This technology can enhance brand identification for engineered bacterial strains.
  • The method offers a potential solution for resolving legal disputes in gene-related patents.