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Cardiac optical mapping under a translucent stimulation electrode.

Joy Liau1, John Dumas, Deborah Janks

  • 1The Department of Biomedical Engineering of the School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7575, USA.

Annals of Biomedical Engineering
|October 21, 2004
PubMed
Summary
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Optical mapping under translucent electrodes revealed that cardiac transmembrane potentials (Vm) change anisotropically under stimulation electrodes, with higher values along the fiber axis. This explains early excitation patterns during cardiac stimulation.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Biomedical Optics
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Cardiac transmembrane potentials (Vm) changes under electrodes are crucial for understanding stimulation effects.
  • Previous optical mapping studies were limited by electrode opacity, preventing direct measurement under electrodes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To optically map cardiac Vm directly under translucent electrodes.
  • To investigate the anisotropic nature of Vm changes under stimulation electrodes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized translucent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes for optical mapping.
  • Employed a transmembrane voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye (di-4-ANEPPS) and dual-wavelength ratiometric imaging.
  • Stimulated hearts at plateau phase (220 mA) and analyzed emission bands (510-570 nm and >590 nm).

Related Experiment Videos

Main Results:

  • Successfully mapped Vm under ITO electrodes, overcoming light blockage issues.
  • Observed heterogeneous and anisotropic Vm changes under the electrode, with greater Vm along the fiber axis.
  • Results align with theoretical predictions from a 3-D cardiac bidomain model, except at the electrode edge.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiac Vm changes under stimulation electrodes are anisotropic, with higher potentials parallel to the fiber axis.
  • This anisotropy explains early excitation sites during diastolic stimulation.
  • Discrepancies between models and experiments at the electrode edge suggest nonlinear stimulation effects may be significant.