Prostate cancer: a review of common underwriting problems, part 2

This article is Part 2 of a two-part discussion of prostate cancer from an underwriting perspective that covers clinical staging, tissue staging, and follow-up of treated prostate cancer. Prostate biopsy is the diagnostic gold standard. Needle biopsy technique, sensitivity and specificity, and interpretation of findings, including a detailed discussion of Gleason grading, are discussed. Prostate cancer staging using the TNM system and the modified Whitmore-Jewitt system are compared and contrasted. Finally, methods for monitoring post treatment clinical course and the prediction of risk of post treatment recurrence are reviewed.