Articulation in early and late bilinguals' two languages: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging

The network of cortical and subcortical regions that contribute to articulation was examined in bilinguals using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants were all fluent in French and English: half were bilingual from birth and half were 'late bilinguals' who had learned French after the age of 12. Overt articulation resulted in the bilateral activation of the motor cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum, and also the supplementary motor area, independent of the language spoken. Furthermore, the threshold and extent of the network involved in articulation was identical for the two bilingual groups with the exception of greater variation in the left putamen for the late bilinguals. These data challenge claims that age of acquisition results in fundamental differences in the neural substrates that subserve language in bilinguals.