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Three-dimensional scapulothoracic motion during active and passive arm elevation.

D David Ebaugh1, Philip W McClure, Andrew R Karduna

  • 1Rehabilitation Sciences Biomechanics Laboratory, Drexel University, 245 North 15th Street MS 502, Philadelphia, PA 19102-1192, USA. debaugh@drexel.edu

Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)
|June 7, 2005
PubMed
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Active arm elevation significantly increases scapular upward rotation, external rotation, and clavicular elevation compared to passive movement. This highlights the crucial role of trapezius and serratus anterior muscles in shoulder motion.

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Kinesiology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Scapulothoracic muscle activity is vital for normal scapulothoracic motion.
  • Trapezius and serratus anterior muscles are key to scapulothoracic motion production and control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of active versus passive arm elevation on 3D scapulothoracic motion.
  • To quantify differences in scapulothoracic kinematics under varying muscle activity levels.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty healthy subjects participated.
  • 3D scapulothoracic motion was tracked using electromagnetic sensors on the scapula, thorax, and humerus.
  • Surface EMG recorded activity from key shoulder muscles during active and passive arm elevation.

Related Experiment Videos

Main Results:

  • Active arm elevation yielded greater scapular upward rotation, external rotation, clavicular retraction, and elevation than passive elevation.
  • These differences were most significant for scapular upward rotation between 90-120 degrees of arm elevation.

Conclusions:

  • Upper and lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles are crucial for scapular upward rotation, particularly in the mid-range of arm elevation.
  • Capsuloligamentous and passive muscle tension also contribute to scapulothoracic motion.
  • Shoulder examinations should include assessment of trapezius, serratus anterior muscles, and scapular upward rotation.