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Published on: December 6, 2016
Update in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children
Aracy P S Balbani1, Silke A T Weber, Jair C Montovani
1Medical School of Botucatu, UNESP. a_balbani@hotmail.com
Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
|February 1, 2006
Summary
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) affects 0.7-3% of children, often caused by adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Diagnosis involves polysomnography, with treatments including surgery or CPAP.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Pulmonology
- Sleep Medicine
- Otolaryngology
Background:
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) in children is a significant health concern, affecting 0.7-3% with a peak in preschoolers.
- It involves upper airway obstruction during sleep, leading to intermittent hypoxia.
- Risk factors include anatomical issues like adenotonsillar hypertrophy and functional factors such as neuromuscular diseases.
Purpose of the Study:
- To outline the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for pediatric OSAS.
- To differentiate pediatric OSAS characteristics from adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS).
Main Methods:
- Review of current literature on pediatric OSAS.
- Discussion of diagnostic tools including nocturnal pulse oximetry, audio/videotape recording, nap polysomnography, and gold-standard overnight polysomnography.
- Analysis of treatment modalities: surgical (adenotonsillectomy, craniofacial correction, tracheostomy) and clinical (sleep hygiene, CPAP).
Main Results:
- Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the primary cause of OSAS in children.
- Common symptoms include snoring, respiratory pauses, restless sleep, and mouth breathing.
- Children with OSAS exhibit distinct patterns compared to adults, such as more REM sleep events and significant desaturation even with short apneas.
Conclusions:
- Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for managing pediatric OSAS.
- Treatment strategies should be individualized based on the child's specific condition, ranging from surgical to conservative management.
- Understanding the unique features of pediatric OSAS is vital for effective clinical management and improved patient outcomes.
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