Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 10, 2026

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

Letter: radical ion and protonated molecule formation with retinal in electrospray and nanospray

Thais Guaratini, Paul J Gates, Karina H M Cardozo

    European Journal of Mass Spectrometry (Chichester, England)
    |March 15, 2006
    PubMed

    More Related Videos

    Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo08:01

    Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo

    Published on: September 26, 2016

    Laser-free Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting to Perform Higher Order Structural Analysis of Proteins09:59

    Laser-free Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting to Perform Higher Order Structural Analysis of Proteins

    Published on: June 4, 2021

    Related Concept Videos

    Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry01:12

    Electrospray Ionization (ESI) Mass Spectrometry

    Higher molecular weight biomolecules are nonvolatile compounds that may decompose before ionizing or vaporizing during mass analysis with conventional electron impact ionization methods. Accordingly, electrospray ionization (ESI) is the favored method for vaporizing and ionizing biomolecules as it circumvents rapid fragmentation and enables the recording of mass signals for the entire biomolecule.
    ESI utilizes electrical energy to transfer ions from the liquid phase of the sample into the...
    Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

    Radical Formation: Abstraction

    The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
    Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
    Radical Formation: Addition00:47

    Radical Formation: Addition

    Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
    Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an unpaired...
    Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

    Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

    Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a low‐energy SOMO, which interacts...
    Radical Formation: Overview01:03

    Radical Formation: Overview

    A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
    Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
    Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the latter, also known...
    Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview01:20

    Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Fragmentation Overview

    The ionization of a molecule into a molecular ion inside the mass spectrometer causes instability in the molecule's structure due to the loss of an electron. This eventually leads to the fragmentation or breaking of some bonds in the molecule. The fragmentation occurs predominantly at specific bonds to yield relatively stable fragments.
    One type of fragmentation pattern is the cleavage of a single bond in the molecular ion. The cleavage leads to a radical and a cation. The cleavage can occur at...