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S Doniach1

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Fourth-generation X-ray sources, or X-ray free-electron lasers, generate intense X-rays. These novel sources offer potential applications in biology, including protein crystallography and biomolecular phasing.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Fourth-generation X-ray sources, specifically X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), utilize multi-GeV electron beams.
  • These sources generate X-rays via self-amplified stimulated emission in long undulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the properties of radiation from XFELs.
  • To discuss potential biological applications of the generated X-rays.

Main Methods:

  • Review of XFEL radiation properties.
  • Discussion of X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) for protein crystals.
  • Exploration of Mössbauer radiation for MAD phasing and photon echo measurements.

Main Results:

  • XFELs produce pulsed, highly collimated X-radiation.
  • XPCS can measure atomic time correlations in protein crystals.
  • Mössbauer radiation from (57)Fe crystals enables MAD phasing for large biomolecular crystals.

Conclusions:

  • XFELs represent a significant advancement in X-ray generation.
  • These sources open new avenues for advanced biological structure determination and dynamics studies.