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Predator identity and additive effects in a treehole community.

Marcus W Griswold1, L Philip Lounibos

  • 1University of Florida, Entomology and Nematology Department, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. marcgris@ufl.edu

Ecology
|May 9, 2006
PubMed
Summary
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Predator interactions in aquatic ecosystems can be complex. A study found that the combined effects of a top predator (Toxorhynchites rutilus) and an intermediate predator (Corethrella appendiculata) on mosquito larvae were predictable.

Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Aquatic Ecology
  • Predator-Prey Dynamics

Background:

  • Multiple predator species can create complex, nonadditive effects on lower trophic levels.
  • Previous studies in aquatic systems suggest predator interactions are not always predictable from single-species effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the individual and combined effects of a top and intermediate predator on native and invasive mosquito larvae.
  • To test if a multiplicative risk model could predict the combined effects of these predators.

Main Methods:

  • Used artificial treeholes as experimental aquatic systems.
  • Examined the effects of Toxorhynchites rutilus (top predator) and Corethrella appendiculata (intermediate predator) individually and in combination.
  • Monitored survivorship of native (Ochlerotatus triseriatus) and invasive (Aedes albopictus) mosquito larvae.

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Main Results:

  • The combined effects of both predators were accurately predicted by a multiplicative risk model, indicating additive effects.
  • T. rutilus significantly decreased survivorship of both mosquito species.
  • C. appendiculata increased native prey survivorship but decreased invasive prey survivorship.
  • Intraguild predation occurred only after alternative prey was reduced by half.
  • T. rutilus consumption increased over time, while C. appendiculata consumption decreased.
  • C. appendiculata preferentially consumed A. albopictus, altering species composition.
  • T. rutilus reduced overall prey density.
  • Predator interference led to risk reduction when C. appendiculata density increased or predators were similarly sized.

Conclusions:

  • Predator interactions in this system were largely additive and predictable by a multiplicative risk model.
  • The intermediate predator influenced species composition, while the top predator reduced overall prey density.
  • Predator interference can modify interaction outcomes, particularly at higher densities or when predators are similar in size.