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Related Concept Videos

What is an Experiment?01:12

What is an Experiment?

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An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two variables. When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the explanatory or independent variable. The affected variable is called the response or dependent variable. In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The...
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Thomson's e/m Experiment01:19

Thomson's e/m Experiment

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In a beam of charged particles created by a heated cathode, the particles move at different speeds. However, many applications need a beam with uniform particle speeds. An arrangement known as a velocity selector uses electric and magnetic fields to pick particles with a particular speed from the beam.
A particle with charge q, speed v, and mass m enters an area from the top, where the magnetic and electric fields are perpendicular both to the particle's motion and to one another. The magnetic...
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Controls in Experiments01:13

Controls in Experiments

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When conducting an experiment, it is crucial to have control to reduce bias and accurately measure the dependent variables. It also marks the results more reliable. Controls are elements in an experiment that have the same characteristics as the treatment groups but are not affected by the independent variable. By sorting these data into control and experimental conditions, the relationship between the dependent and independent variables can be drawn. A randomized experiment always includes a...
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Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

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The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
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Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

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Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.
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The Stanford Prison Experiment03:20

The Stanford Prison Experiment

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The famous and controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by social psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues at Stanford University, demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction
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[Primary biliary cirrhosis: a thirteen years experience].

José Miguel Valera M1, Gladys Smok S, Jaime Poniachik T

  • 1Sección de Gastroenterología, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Revista Medica De Chile
|June 8, 2006
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Summary

Early diagnosis and treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) can reduce complications. This study highlights clinical features, treatment outcomes, and the role of liver transplantation in managing this chronic liver disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Autoimmune Diseases
  • Gastroenterology

Context:

  • Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease.
  • PBC can lead to progressive liver damage and hepatic failure.
  • Understanding PBC's clinical spectrum is crucial for patient management.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the clinical presentation, pathological characteristics, treatment strategies, and outcomes of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.
  • To analyze the effectiveness of ursodeoxycholic acid and liver transplantation in PBC management.
  • To identify factors influencing patient outcomes in PBC.

Summary:

  • A retrospective review of 115 PBC patients (110 female) revealed symptomatic presentation in 78% (itching, malaise).
  • Antimitochondrial antibodies were positive in 56%; associated autoimmune conditions were common (Sjögren syndrome 38%, hypothyroidism 13%).
  • Ursodeoxycholic acid was used in 94%; 15 patients underwent liver transplantation with a 36-month survival of 67%, and PBC recurrence was noted post-transplant.

Impact:

  • Early diagnosis and intervention in PBC can mitigate disease progression and reduce the need for extensive treatments.
  • This research provides insights into the multifaceted nature of PBC, aiding clinical decision-making.
  • Optimizing treatment strategies can improve long-term outcomes for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.