Head and neck cancer: past, present and future

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Head and Neck Surgery
• Cancer Research

Background:

• Head and neck cancer encompasses diverse malignancies, with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) being the sixth most common globally.
• HNSCC, primarily affecting the oral cavity and pharynx, presents significant challenges due to its impact on vital functions like breathing, swallowing, and speech.
• Despite advances, HNSCC prognosis has seen minimal improvement over 30 years, with survivors facing substantial psychosocial burdens from treatment-related disfigurement and disability.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current understanding and management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).
• To emphasize the critical need to balance oncologic outcomes with functional preservation in HNSCC treatment.
• To advocate for a multidisciplinary approach in managing HNSCC patients.

Main Methods:

• This review synthesizes existing literature on HNSCC epidemiology, treatment challenges, and management strategies.
• Focus is placed on HNSCC arising from the oral cavity and pharynx, excluding nasopharyngeal cancers.
• The review highlights the functional and psychosocial impacts of HNSCC and its treatment.

Main Results:

• HNSCC remains a prevalent and distressing malignancy with significant global impact.
• Treatment success must be evaluated by considering both survival rates and the functional deficits experienced by patients.
• The complex anatomy of the head and neck makes HNSCC particularly challenging to manage.

Conclusions:

• Modern HNSCC management necessitates a comprehensive approach that integrates oncologic control with functional and quality-of-life considerations.
• Multidisciplinary head and neck clinics are essential for optimal patient care, addressing the multifaceted challenges posed by HNSCC.
• Addressing the psychosocial impact and functional deficits is paramount for improving the overall well-being of HNSCC survivors.