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The Footprint method to assess transmalleolar axis
M E Hazlewood1, A N Simmons, W T Johnson
1Anderson Gait Analysis Laboratory, Edinburgh, UK.
Gait & Posture
|August 15, 2006
Summary
The Footprint method is the most repeatable for measuring the transmalleolar axis (TMA), but clinical use requires caution due to poor agreement with other methods and reduced reliability with inexperienced observers.
Area of Science:
- Orthopaedics
- Biomechanics
- Gait Analysis
Background:
- Torsional deformities of the lower extremities are common in orthopaedic consultations.
- Accurate measurement of the transmalleolar axis (TMA) is crucial for evaluating gait and deformities.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess the agreement and repeatability of the Footprint method compared to Prone and Jig methods for measuring TMA.
- To evaluate the Footprint method's reliability under simulated equinus and with varying observer experience.
Main Methods:
- Three methods (Footprint, Prone, Jig) were used to measure TMA in 12 subjects by two assessors.
- Repeatability was assessed by re-measurement after 1 week.
- The Footprint method's reliability was tested with simulated equinus and by inexperienced observers.
Main Results:
- Poor agreement was found between the three TMA measurement methods.
- The Footprint method demonstrated the highest repeatability (coefficient of repeatability: 5.4).
- Simulated equinus and inexperienced observers reduced the Footprint method's reliability.
Conclusions:
- Different methods for measuring TMA should not be used interchangeably in clinical practice.
- The Footprint method is the most repeatable but requires experienced observers.
- The Footprint method may be suitable for patients with fixed equinus, with awareness of its limitations.
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