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Related Concept Videos

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X-linked Traits

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In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Oncogene Expression Analysis with Alterations in pH in a Pancreatic Ductal Cell Line
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Linking oncogenic pathways with therapeutic opportunities.

Andrea H Bild1, Anil Potti, Joseph R Nevins

  • 1Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.

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|August 18, 2006
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Summary

Cancer genome alterations cause complex phenotypes and pathway deregulation. Molecular profiling links these changes to targeted therapies and combination treatments for personalized cancer care.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Cancer arises from accumulated mutations and genomic alterations, leading to complex phenotypes.
  • These genetic changes frequently result in the deregulation of critical cell-signalling pathways that govern cellular functions.
  • Understanding pathway deregulation is key to deciphering cancer's complexity.

Approach:

  • Utilizing molecular-profiling techniques, such as DNA microarray analyses, to comprehensively map genomic complexity.
  • Integrating pathway activation data with molecular profiles to identify therapeutic targets.
  • Employing a multi-modal approach to link molecular findings with clinical applications.

Key Points:

  • Molecular profiling reveals intricate cancer genome alterations and their impact on cell signalling.
  • Deregulation of cell-signalling pathways is a direct consequence of cancer-associated genetic changes.
  • DNA microarray analysis offers a powerful method for characterizing cancer's molecular landscape.

Conclusions:

  • Linking pathway deregulation to molecular profiles enables personalized therapeutic strategies.
  • This integrated approach facilitates the matching of patients with optimal treatments.
  • It also identifies promising avenues for developing effective combination therapies in cancer treatment.