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Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break...
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Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
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Human civilization relies on biodiversity in many ways. Sudden changes in species biodiversity result in environmental changes that can modify weather patterns and therefore human civilizations.
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Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I,...
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Open Access and beyond.

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Open Access aims to accelerate scientific progress by removing barriers to information. Further discussion is needed on novel methods to distribute, store, and manage scientific literature for truly unfettered access.

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    Area of Science:

    • Information Science
    • Scholarly Communication
    • Digital Libraries

    Background:

    • Open Access (OA) initiatives have removed financial and permission barriers to scientific literature.
    • Despite OA, challenges like censorship and reading disabilities persist, hindering equitable information access.
    • The current landscape necessitates a re-evaluation of how scientific literature is managed and distributed.

    Discussion:

    • Exploring innovative digital distribution models to bypass censorship.
    • Developing accessible storage and management systems for diverse user needs.
    • Fostering community-driven solutions for literature accessibility.

    Key Insights:

    • True unfettered access requires addressing more than just price and permission.
    • Censorship and accessibility issues remain significant obstacles in scientific communication.
    • A multi-faceted approach to literature management is crucial for equitable access.

    Outlook:

    • Encouraging global dialogue on new paradigms for scientific literature.
    • Implementing advanced technologies for censorship-resistant archiving and distribution.
    • Promoting universal access to scientific knowledge for all researchers and the public.