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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Solid–Solid Solutions

The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
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Consider a ternary system, which is composed of three components: water (W), ethanoic acid (E), and trichloromethane (T). Here, Ethanoic acid (E) is fully miscible with both water (W) and trichloromethane (T), meaning it can mix entirely with either of them. However, water and trichloromethane have partial miscibility, meaning they can only mix to a certain extent, beyond which two separate phases will form.The phase diagram of a ternary system is represented as an equilateral triangle, where...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
12:37

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

Published on: September 4, 2015

Active nematics are intrinsically phase separated.

Shradha Mishra1, Sriram Ramaswamy

  • 1Centre for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India.

Physical Review Letters
|October 10, 2006
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two-dimensional nonequilibrium systems exhibit giant number fluctuations and macroscopic phase separation. These findings, observed in granular rods and cell films, align with the Das-Barma model predictions.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics, Soft Matter
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Two-dimensional nonequilibrium nematic steady states are found in agitated granular-rod monolayers and orientable amoeboid cell films.
  • Previous predictions suggested giant number fluctuations in these systems, with standard deviation proportional to the mean.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To numerically investigate the steady states of two-dimensional nonequilibrium nematic systems.
  • To compare numerical findings with the Das-Barma model and previous theoretical predictions.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations were employed to study the system's steady state.
  • Analysis focused on number fluctuations and phase separation characteristics.

Main Results:

  • The steady state of these systems is macroscopically phase separated.
  • Despite phase separation, the system is dominated by fluctuations, consistent with the Das-Barma model.
  • Numerical results confirm giant number fluctuations, with standard deviation proportional to the mean.

Conclusions:

  • Nonequilibrium nematic steady states exhibit characteristics of macroscopic phase separation coexisting with dominant fluctuations.
  • The findings support the analogy with the Das-Barma model.
  • Experimental verification in granular and living-cell systems is suggested.