Event-related potential measures of visual working memory

Visual working memory is a limited capacity system that temporarily maintains information about objects in the immediate visual environment. Psychophysical experiments have shown that most people are able to actively maintain 3 or 4 items in visual working memory at any point in time. To better understand how this process works and why our working memory capacity is so limited, a variety of neurophysiological approaches have been employed. In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in understanding how visual information is maintained in working memory at the neural level. Single-cell research with nonhuman primates has shown that neuronal firing during the retention period reflects the information that is currently held in working memory. In humans, event-related potentials (ERPs) have been used to examine the maintenance of information in working memory. An event-related potential component, known as the negative slow wave (NSW), has been used to measure the maintenance of information in working memory "online" during a given trial. More recently, another ERP component, the contralateral delay activity (CDA) has been shown to be a fairly specific correlate of the current contents of working memory. This component is sensitive to an individual's working memory capacity and may provide a window into the operations of this central cognitive construct.