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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.

Pneumothorax-I

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

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Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...

Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles

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A thorough assessment of respiratory health is paramount in clinical settings to identify and manage respiratory distress and ensure adequate oxygenation. This article elaborates on the critical aspects of respiratory evaluation, including airway assessment, skin color examination, and the observation of accessory muscle use, which are integral to effectively diagnosing and managing patients with respiratory conditions.
Introduction
The initial evaluation of a patient's respiratory system...

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

Spontaneous facial subcutaneous emphysema.

Kevin Ramchandar¹, Michele M Carr

¹Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.

Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal

|December 16, 2006

Summary

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum rarely presents solely with head and neck symptoms. This case highlights isolated cheek swelling as the first sign of this rare condition.

Area of Science:

Medicine
Pulmonology
Radiology

Background:

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) is a rare condition characterized by the presence of air in the mediastinum without a precipitating event.
Clinical manifestations of SPM are diverse, but isolated head and neck signs are exceptionally uncommon.

Observation:

This report details a rare case of SPM where the primary presenting symptom was unilateral cheek swelling.
The patient presented with isolated facial subcutaneous emphysema, a manifestation previously documented only once in the literature.

Findings:

The study documents the second known case of spontaneous facial subcutaneous emphysema as a presenting feature of SPM.
This represents the first reported instance of SPM manifesting solely as isolated cheek swelling.

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Implications:

This case expands the spectrum of clinical presentations for spontaneous pneumomediastinum.
It underscores the importance of considering SPM in the differential diagnosis of isolated facial swelling, even in the absence of typical respiratory symptoms.