Whiplash associated disorders: pathomechanics, diagnosis, and management

Whiplash has been defined as an injury mechanism, an injury, a medico-legal or social dilemma, and a complex chronic pain syndrome. Whiplash associated disorders are frequent in the cervical spine, especially as a result of a motor vehicle accident. The mechanisms responsible for whiplash-related tissue trauma are complex and a clinician's understanding of these complexities lends to a more complete appreciation for the anatomical structures and pathological processes that are involved, as well as a comprehensive diagnosis and appropriate management. While several classification scales have been developed for whiplash associated disorders, a thorough and tissue-specific examination is merited. Management should be directed toward pain reduction and normalization of mechanics. While conservative measures can address many of clinical sequelae of whiplash, both invasive pain management procedures and surgical interventions may be paramount to a patient's complete recovery.