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Related Experiment Videos

Chain orientation in natural rubber, Part II: 2H-NMR study.

J Rault1, J Marchal, P Judeinstein

  • 1Physique des solides, Bât. 510, Université Paris Sud, 91405, Orsay, France. rault@lps.u-psud.fr

The European Physical Journal. E, Soft Matter
|January 20, 2007
PubMed
Summary
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Stress-induced crystallization and melting in natural rubber (NR) were studied. Crystallites act as crosslinks, reinforcing the rubber, with fillers enhancing this effect by acting as nucleation centers.

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Physics

Background:

  • Stress-induced crystallization (SIC) and melting (SIM) are critical phenomena in natural rubbers (NR).
  • Understanding these processes is key to optimizing rubber performance and durability.
  • Previous studies have explored these phenomena, but detailed molecular-level insights remain crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate SIC and SIM in unfilled and carbon black (CB)-filled NR using advanced NMR techniques.
  • To elucidate the role of amorphous chain orientation and deformation in SIC and SIM.
  • To quantify the reinforcement mechanisms in CB-filled NR.

Main Methods:

  • Deuterated alkane chains were used to swell NR samples (< 2%).
  • (2)H-NMR measurements were employed to study chain orientation and local deformation during deformation cycles and stress relaxation.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Mechanical testing, Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS), and NMR were used to determine critical draw ratios and hysteresis.

    • Main Results:

    • A constant local draw ratio equal to the critical draw ratio for crystallite appearance (lambda(A)) was observed during hardening.
    • Crystallinity increased linearly with macroscopic draw ratio (lambda), and hardening followed sigma approximately (lambda - lambda(A))(2).
    • Carbon black fillers acted as nucleation centers for NR crystallites, enhancing reinforcement through nucleation and a super network.

    Conclusions:

    • Hysteresis in SIC and SIM is attributed to supercooling effects (lambda(A) > lambda(E)).
    • Crystallites function as reinforcing crosslinks, validating Flory's predictions.
    • Reinforcement in CB-filled NR is primarily due to filler-induced nucleation and the formation of a combined crystallite-filler super network.