Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 16, 2026

11:02
The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals
Published on: September 7, 2015
By-product feed utilization by grazing cattle.
1Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA. dloy@iastate.edu
Summary
Supplementation is key for grazing cattle, addressing forage gaps and improving nutrition. Utilizing cost-effective by-products enhances cattle health and pasture management.
Area of Science:
- Animal Science
- Ruminant Nutrition
- Forage Management
Background:
- Grazing cattle management relies on supplementation to overcome forage limitations.
- Seasonal deficiencies in forage growth and quality necessitate strategic nutritional interventions.
- Anti-quality factors in certain forages can negatively impact cattle health and productivity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To outline the multifaceted benefits of supplementation for grazing cattle.
- To highlight the role of supplementation in improving pasture utilization and carrying capacity.
- To identify cost-effective nutrient sources for balancing grazing cattle diets.
Main Methods:
- Review of established cattle supplementation strategies.
- Analysis of forage deficiencies and nutritional requirements.
- Evaluation of by-product feedstuffs as supplementation sources.
Main Results:
- Supplementation effectively bridges nutritional gaps caused by seasonal forage deficits.
- It extends pasture availability, especially during drought conditions.
- Locally sourced grain and food-processing by-products offer a cost-effective nutritional solution.
Conclusions:
- Supplementation is a vital practice for optimizing grazing cattle nutrition and health.
- By-product utilization presents a sustainable and economical approach to cattle feed.
- The economic viability of by-product feeds is projected to increase due to competing industries.
Related Concept Videos
Optimal Foraging
How animals obtain and eat their food is called foraging behavior. Foraging can include searching for plants and hunting for prey and depends on the species and environment.
Production Efficiency
Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
Trophic Efficiency
Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as metabolic heat, an average of only 10% of the original energy obtained is passed on to the next level. This pattern of energy loss severely limits the possible number of trophic levels in a food chain.
Predator-Prey Interactions
Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.Although predation is commonly associated with carnivory, for...

